Little Caesar :: Historical Narrative Italy Papers

Little Caesar Without further ado before early afternoon on a Wednesday in October, 1894, the customers of a humble community Italian barbershop restful experience the custom of shaving. A gathering sit at the edge divider and exchange perceptions apathetic, Neapolitan vernacular, while the benefactor in the hair stylist's seat tunes in. Sometimes, between strokes of the razor through thick stubble, the stylist adds his feeling to the discussion. A couple of small kids routinely pursue each other through the shop and are authoritatively requested pull out. A youngster surges in off the road and announces himself, to some degree superfluously, to be in a rush. The more established men are quiet for a second and offer objecting and inquisitive looks while he moves into the seat and the hair stylist starts to foam his face. With hazel eyes and sharp highlights, 22-year-old Giuseppe Zambarano hangs out in a social occasion of dark worker stock. His firmly cut mustache and flawless hair as of now show up very much prepped, his general appearance skirts on critical. He reports to the barbershop crowd that he is getting connected today. He will get his promised and her family at two o'clock in his dad's home. The men offer conventional commendations to youthful Giuseppe on his commitment, and maybe some belittling useful tidbits: Moglie e buoi dei paesi tuoi; Take spouse and cows from your own town. The men in the barbershop realize that Giuseppe's future parents in law, as the greater part of them, originate from a similar triangle of towns in the backwoods of Campania. Fontegreca, Ciorlano, and Prata Sannita lie two bumpy miles. stroll from the keep going station on the Naples line. Presently huge numbers of the squat cabins there stand unfilled. The majority of the one thousand or so locals of these towns make their homes a short route from the terminal of the Cranston St. streetcar, in Thornton, Rhode Island, on ranch land that looks like the prolific slopes of the old nation, with island-dabbed Narragansett Bay like an impression of Naples out of sight. * As a yet unmarried most youthful child, Giuseppe Zambarano lives in the home of his dad Gioacchino and his uncle Lorenzo, an unassuming wooden undertaking in the core of this developing neighborhood. The Zambarano siblings of the more seasoned age landed in 1882 to join the purported pick and scoop detachment of new outsiders, who plowed the land in Thornton and Simmonsville, as they had in Italy. Presently a large number of the unexpected appearances have gotten upset with the hard conditions and small returns of family cultivating that drove them from the Italian wide open in any case.

Defining the Humanities

Characterizing the Humanities Defining the Humanities The reason for this paper is to separate the humanities from different methods of human request and articulation. I will characterize the humanities of a social occasion of music and how music was a statement of what I think about the humanities, workmanship, style, virtuoso, and culture from the 60s. I will likewise examine how the music of the 60s contrasts and different structures I think about from the equivalent period.One of the meanings of humanities, as per the American Heritage Dictionary, is â€Å"Those parts of information, for example, theory, writing, and craftsmanship, that are worried about human idea and culture; the aesthetic sciences. † Culture is a major piece of humanities. Culture, as characterized by the American Heritage Dictionary, is the totality of socially transmitted standards of conduct, expressions, convictions, organizations, and different results of human work and thought. These examples, cha racteristics, and items considered as the statement of a specific period, class, network, or populace (American legacy word reference, 2000).Music is a creative type of sound correspondence by means of instruments and voice that produce sounds and tones. Music is as old as humanity and societies over a wide span of time have music. The â€Å"oldest known song† goes back 4,000 years prior and was written in antiquated cuneiform. Cuneiform is a character or characters framed by the course of action of little wedge-formed components and utilized in old Sumerian, Akkadian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian composition (American legacy word reference, 2000).The assurance of how or when the principal instrument was developed, in any case, most students of history point to early woodwinds produced using creature bones that are at any rate 37,000 years of age (Bellis, 2010). The music of the 60’s in America is the humanities or culture of the American individuals of that perio d. Numerous progressions going on during the 60s including progressive changes, unprecedented degrees of sexual opportunity among adolescents, and revolting young people like nobody has ever observed previously. Music has reliably been affected by the patterns of now is the right time; mirroring the legislative issues, financial aspects, and ways of life that exist.The Baby Boomer age lived during when war powerfully affected everybody's life. Medications turned out to be, maybe, one of the most persuasive factors clear in the music of the 60s. In the mid 1960s a band named the Byrd’s and folks like Dylan changed the manner in which numerous individuals took a gander at music. These groups began an underground wave that streamed all through the 60s, this got known as the â€Å"Psychedelic Era. † This time acquainted medications with be a significant angle engaged with the making of the music, and was utilized by the audience members to upgrade their experience.Bands, f or example, the Byrd’s and Grateful Dead began exploring different avenues regarding such medications as LSD, cannabis, and corrosive. They accepted that medications could assist them with making music that would blow the music of the fifties away, and it did (â€Å"The music of the sixtiesâ€the hallucinogenic eraâ€Å", 1998). The music of the 60s came in numerous styles. A portion of the class of the time are: Soft stone, (likewise alluded to as smooth stone, light stone, or simple stone) is a style of music that utilizes the strategies of awesome (frequently joined with components from people rock and artist musician fly) to form a milder, progressively mitigated sound for listening.Soft rock melodies for the most part will in general spotlight on subjects like love, regular day to day existence, and connections (â€Å"Soft rockâ€Å", 2010). Hard rock †alter awesome (blues, nation, and gospel), adding to the standard classification harder sounds, heavier guita r riffs (A short musical expression), ranting (wordy) drumming and stronger vocals (â€Å"Hard rockâ€Å", 2010). Nation rock †shaped from the combination of rock with nation (â€Å"Country rockâ€Å", 2010). People rock †consolidating components of society music and exciting music (â€Å"Folk rockâ€Å", 2010).Punk stone †They made quick, hard-edged music, normally with short melodies, stripped-down instrumentation, and regularly political, insurrectionary verses (â€Å"Punk rockâ€Å", 2010). Stun rock †is a wide umbrella term for craftsmen who consolidate awesome music with components of dramatic stun an incentive in live exhibitions (â€Å"Shock rockâ€Å", 2010). Mood and Blues (R;B), Soul, Funk Influenced by R;B (â€Å"Rhythm and bluesâ€Å", 2010). Numerous artists’ melodic roots originate from gospel. For instance, Elvis Presley began singing gospel when he was just a couple of years old later moving onto Rock and Roll (Nite, 1974, p. 9 5). The workmanship in America of the 60s was affected by the craving to move into the cutting edge age or future that the space age appeared to gauge. Likewise with the music of the 60s, drugs had an effect on a portion of the specialty of the 60s. This workmanship came to be known as hallucinogenic craftsmanship (ex. Brummbaer). Significant works by Alexander Calder (mobiles and figure) or Helen Frankenthaler (non-illustrative workmanship) demonstrated a longing to escape from subtleties to decipher. Specialists needed to rouse the watcher to jump into the obscure and experience workmanship in their own way.A new craftsman who showed up was Andy Warhol, a main name in pop workmanship. Different structures developing during this time were collection workmanship, operation craftsmanship (or optical craftsmanship) (ex. Vasarely), or motor deliberation (ex. Marcel Duchamp), ecological craftsmanship (ex. Robert Smithson), and pop workmanship, (ex. David Hockney) (Goodwin, 2009). Taking everything into account, humanities or societies have been around since the start of humankind. Societies can be repelled in their convictions thus the making of new societies. Music, move, theater, craftsmanship, writing, or different societies can change after some time trough numerous compelling channels.For model, the manner in which the war and medications impact the way of life of the 60s with the melodies of war fights and hallucinogenic workmanship. At the point when changes come about the progressions will as a rule affect the, music, move, theater, craftsmanship, writing, or different societies of the time. The one thing humanity can depend on as the years progressed, decades, hundreds of years, and thousand years is change.References American legacy word reference. (fourth ed. ). (2000). Chicago, IL: Houghton Mifflin Company. Bellis, M. (2010). Concocting instruments. Recovered from http://creators. session. com/od/mstartinventions/tp/musicalinstrument. htm Country rock. (2010). In Country rock. Recovered May 5, 2010, from http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Country_rock Folk rock. (2010). In Folk rock. Recovered May 5, 2010, from http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Folk_rock Goodwin, S. (2009). American social history 1960 †1969. Recovered from http://kclibrary. lonestar. edu/decade60. html Hard stone. (2010). In Hard stone. Recovered May 5, 2010, from http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Hard_rock Nite, N. N. (1974). Rock on. New York, NY: Thomas Y. Crowell. Underground rock. (2010). In Punk stone. Recovered May 5, 2010, from Rhythm and blues. (2010). In Rhythm and blues. Recovered May 5, 2010, from http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues Shock rock. (2010). In Shock rock. Recovered May 5, 2010, from http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Shock_rock Soft stone. (2010). In Soft stone. Recovered May 5, 2010, from http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Soft_rock The music of the sixtiesâ€the hallucinogenic perio d. (1998). Recovered from http://library. thinkquest. organization/21342/content/1960. htm

The Tort of Negligence Coursework - 4400 Words

The Tort of Negligence (Coursework Sample) Content: Students Name:Institution:Instructors Name:Date:Commercial LawThe Tort of NegligenceCandice an employee at Rapid deliveries was sent by her employer to deliver an urgent parcel at Star Corporation Limited in Central Auckland. On her to the company, she realized that her fuel tank was low and so she stopped at a nearby petrol station to fuel the vehicle. Seeing as the attendant was busy, she offered to fill the tank herself and so the attendant handed the petrol pump to her. After fueling the car, she got in and sped off in a rush without realizing that she had not removed the pump from the van. The pump hose was torn and caused a mess at the petrol station. As Candice sped along the motorway, the van left a trail of petrol. An oncoming car caught fire from the sparks that were produced from Candice van. Kevin, the owner of the vehicle that caught fire managed to get out of the car uninjured. The firefighters managed to arrive at the scene on time to put out the fire b efore further damaged was caused. As the events rolled out, Candice was unable to deliver the urgent parcel on time, which meant that Star Corporation would lose a multi-million dollar deal to a rival bidder.Several lose and damages can be identified in this case. They include the cleanup cost at the garage that cost $ 9, 500.00 and the cost of the torn petrol pump, the value of Kevinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s car that got burnt that was worth $ 15, 000.00 and the value of the lost opportunity at Star Corporation that was worth multi-million dollars. The cost of damages would be the legal issues raised in this situation. The relevant legal principles that would be applied to solve the case are the Tort of Negligence. Legal wrongs that a party suffers because of another are referred to as torts (DeMitchell, 2006). On the other hand, negligence is tort because it involves damage or loss that occurs between entities with no contractual agreement between them. For this reason, one party lacks a reaso n to sue the other.Candice employer was liable to the damage and loss caused at the petrol station, which included the cleanup costs and the cost of the torn petrol pump horse. According to vicarious liability, one party is held responsible for the omissions or actions of another. In the context of a workplace, an employer would be held liable for the omission or the acts of its employees as long as it can be proved that the incidence took place at the time of employment (Whitmore, 2006). In this case, Candice actions of forgetting to remove the hose pump from the car that caused damage would be the responsibility of the employer.The petrol attendant would be liable for the fire that spread from the Rapid Deliveries vehicle because of the petrol leaking. Even though the attendant tried to beckon at Candice as she sped off the garage, he could have gone an extra mile to try to reach her to avoid the damage caused. He had the duty of care not only for Candice but also for any losses t hat could have followed thereafter. According to law, every person has a duty of care to the other person as long as they are in close proximity. Breach of this duty of care occurs when one partyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s negligence causes damage of loss to the other.Candice was liable for the destruction of Kevinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s car. According to law, an act of omission is negligent and the involved party has a liability for omission (Lawrence, 2011). Candice forgot to remove the petrol pump from the car, which caused it to tear and leak petrol along the motorway. Consequently, this act caused a fire that resulted in a fire that burnt Kevinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s car. Candice forgetfulness to remove the pump is an act of omission that was negligent. For this reason, she would be held liable for the damages caused by her negligent actions. Candice employer would be responsible for the multi-million dollar loss that Star Corporation experienced because of the delayed delivery of the documents. Under vicarious li ability, an employer is liable for his or her employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s actions that cause loss or damage as long as the situation took place during employment.Creation of the ContractThe case between Ozzie Desserts and Kiwi Pavlova commenced when Ozzie asked for the price of 10, 000 pavlovas. Kiwi responded to the email and sent the details of their products and the shipment dates. Ozzie desserts placed an order, but Kiwi Pavlovas adjusted the price point of the units requested, which Ozzie Desserts agreed. Both companies attached a copy of the terms and conditions applicable when doing business with other parties. The first delivery was done successfully, but the second delivery was damaged on transit at Sydney Airport. Kiwi Pavlovas forwarded a message to Ozzie and its insurer asking for pay for the damaged goods. Ozzie declined to state that in their terms and conditions, Kiwi was responsible for the insurance of the shipment. From the case, there is a procedure leading to the format ion of the contract.Ozzie intended to create a legal relation with Kiwi Pavlovas when they sent the email requesting for the price for 10,000 units of their products. In contract law, there are requirements for the intention to create legally binding relations. Not every arrangement leads to a legally binding contract that can be enforced in a court of law. Some agreements are made in domestic and social context and therefore, they may not be legally binding or enforceable in court. One may have a moral responsibility and no legal duty to honor the agreement (Saprai, 2014). For this reason, to determine the agreements that have the intention to create legal relation and are legally binding, the law differentiates between agreements made in a domestic and social context from those made in a commercial context. In the case of Ozzie desserts and Kiwi Pavlovas, the arrangement was made in a commercial situation.Kiwi Pavlovas sent the details of the different prices, the units of Pavlova s per price point and the dates of shipment for the products. In addition, the company quoted that the purchaser would be responsible for the insurance of the goods and that Kiwi Pavlovaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s terms and conditions would apply. The response that Kiwi made to Ozzie was an expression of an offer that awaited acceptance from Ozzie Desserts. The elements of Offer and acceptance are essential for the formation of a contract that would be legally binding (Saprai, 2014). In addition, for the agreement to be enforceable by law the situation should indicate that one party, the "offeror" expressed an offer to contract to another party, the "offeree" on certain terms (Liao, 2013). On the other hand, the offeree has to indicate the acceptance of the terms indicated by the offeror.With reference to the case, Ozzie Desserts showed acceptance to the offer and the terms indicated by Kiwi when the company placed an order of 10, 000 pavlovas and attached a copy of the term and conditions applic able in the transaction. In this case, Kiwi Pavlovas was the "offerer" and Ozzie Desserts was the "offereeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . In addition, for this arrangement to be legally binding, an indication of consideration would be applicable. Kiwi sent Ozzie an email indicating the correct price point for the 10, 000 pavlovas. This action indicated that Kiwi considered doing the transaction with Ozzie, which meant that the relationship would be binding under commercial law. For this reason, the contract between the two parties was enforceable under the law of contract because all the elements satisfied the requirements under creation of a contract.ConsiderationWhile the neighbors were away on holiday for three months, one notices that the grass in their lawn was growing rapidly and so they decide to mow the lawn weekly until they came back. When the neighbors return, they appreciate the kind action and promise to pay the person $100 to cover the time spent and the cost of fuel. Unfortunately, the individual never receives the 100$. The question of whether the person had a legal entitlement to the $100 would be solved under the conditions necessary to enforce a promise by law.The communication from one party to another with an intention to assume or undertake an obligation is a promise. Not all promises are legally enforceable. For a promise to be a contract, the law would recognize sufficient intention for it to be a legally binding responsibility (Fried, 2015). In the case explained above, the promise would not be a legal entitlement because it lacks enough intention from the neighbors to a legal obligation. For this reason, a simple act of promising would create a moral duty but would need more justification to be enforceable under contract.Consideration refers to a situation where a promise made to a party may not be essentially enforceable in court unless the other party proves that they gave something in return (Fried, 2015). A promise to compensate in monetary form could be enough evidence as giving something, although the promise may not be put into effect for a period yet. In legal terms, consideration would often be spoken as an advantage to the promisor or a disadvantage to the promise. In some cases, a simple promise may be neither a benefit to one party nor a detriment to the other party (Hillman O'Rourke, 2009).Samir promised to give his daughter $1000 if she would become a nurse and give her modeling career. The consideration that would be made in this case is the promise to pay $1000 to give up a career as a model for another profession. The action would be detrimental to Amandeep, the "promisee" and beneficial to Samir, the "promisorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .In the second case, Samir promised to compensate Kapali, the paper delivery boy if he would deliver newspapers for him even though he was in agreement with a local newspaper agent. He promised to pay $5 if he would distribute his merchandise by 6:30 ... The Tort of Negligence Coursework - 4400 Words The Tort of Negligence (Coursework Sample) Content: Students Name:Institution:Instructors Name:Date:Commercial LawThe Tort of NegligenceCandice an employee at Rapid deliveries was sent by her employer to deliver an urgent parcel at Star Corporation Limited in Central Auckland. On her to the company, she realized that her fuel tank was low and so she stopped at a nearby petrol station to fuel the vehicle. Seeing as the attendant was busy, she offered to fill the tank herself and so the attendant handed the petrol pump to her. After fueling the car, she got in and sped off in a rush without realizing that she had not removed the pump from the van. The pump hose was torn and caused a mess at the petrol station. As Candice sped along the motorway, the van left a trail of petrol. An oncoming car caught fire from the sparks that were produced from Candice van. Kevin, the owner of the vehicle that caught fire managed to get out of the car uninjured. The firefighters managed to arrive at the scene on time to put out the fire b efore further damaged was caused. As the events rolled out, Candice was unable to deliver the urgent parcel on time, which meant that Star Corporation would lose a multi-million dollar deal to a rival bidder.Several lose and damages can be identified in this case. They include the cleanup cost at the garage that cost $ 9, 500.00 and the cost of the torn petrol pump, the value of Kevinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s car that got burnt that was worth $ 15, 000.00 and the value of the lost opportunity at Star Corporation that was worth multi-million dollars. The cost of damages would be the legal issues raised in this situation. The relevant legal principles that would be applied to solve the case are the Tort of Negligence. Legal wrongs that a party suffers because of another are referred to as torts (DeMitchell, 2006). On the other hand, negligence is tort because it involves damage or loss that occurs between entities with no contractual agreement between them. For this reason, one party lacks a reaso n to sue the other.Candice employer was liable to the damage and loss caused at the petrol station, which included the cleanup costs and the cost of the torn petrol pump horse. According to vicarious liability, one party is held responsible for the omissions or actions of another. In the context of a workplace, an employer would be held liable for the omission or the acts of its employees as long as it can be proved that the incidence took place at the time of employment (Whitmore, 2006). In this case, Candice actions of forgetting to remove the hose pump from the car that caused damage would be the responsibility of the employer.The petrol attendant would be liable for the fire that spread from the Rapid Deliveries vehicle because of the petrol leaking. Even though the attendant tried to beckon at Candice as she sped off the garage, he could have gone an extra mile to try to reach her to avoid the damage caused. He had the duty of care not only for Candice but also for any losses t hat could have followed thereafter. According to law, every person has a duty of care to the other person as long as they are in close proximity. Breach of this duty of care occurs when one partyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s negligence causes damage of loss to the other.Candice was liable for the destruction of Kevinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s car. According to law, an act of omission is negligent and the involved party has a liability for omission (Lawrence, 2011). Candice forgot to remove the petrol pump from the car, which caused it to tear and leak petrol along the motorway. Consequently, this act caused a fire that resulted in a fire that burnt Kevinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s car. Candice forgetfulness to remove the pump is an act of omission that was negligent. For this reason, she would be held liable for the damages caused by her negligent actions. Candice employer would be responsible for the multi-million dollar loss that Star Corporation experienced because of the delayed delivery of the documents. Under vicarious li ability, an employer is liable for his or her employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s actions that cause loss or damage as long as the situation took place during employment.Creation of the ContractThe case between Ozzie Desserts and Kiwi Pavlova commenced when Ozzie asked for the price of 10, 000 pavlovas. Kiwi responded to the email and sent the details of their products and the shipment dates. Ozzie desserts placed an order, but Kiwi Pavlovas adjusted the price point of the units requested, which Ozzie Desserts agreed. Both companies attached a copy of the terms and conditions applicable when doing business with other parties. The first delivery was done successfully, but the second delivery was damaged on transit at Sydney Airport. Kiwi Pavlovas forwarded a message to Ozzie and its insurer asking for pay for the damaged goods. Ozzie declined to state that in their terms and conditions, Kiwi was responsible for the insurance of the shipment. From the case, there is a procedure leading to the format ion of the contract.Ozzie intended to create a legal relation with Kiwi Pavlovas when they sent the email requesting for the price for 10,000 units of their products. In contract law, there are requirements for the intention to create legally binding relations. Not every arrangement leads to a legally binding contract that can be enforced in a court of law. Some agreements are made in domestic and social context and therefore, they may not be legally binding or enforceable in court. One may have a moral responsibility and no legal duty to honor the agreement (Saprai, 2014). For this reason, to determine the agreements that have the intention to create legal relation and are legally binding, the law differentiates between agreements made in a domestic and social context from those made in a commercial context. In the case of Ozzie desserts and Kiwi Pavlovas, the arrangement was made in a commercial situation.Kiwi Pavlovas sent the details of the different prices, the units of Pavlova s per price point and the dates of shipment for the products. In addition, the company quoted that the purchaser would be responsible for the insurance of the goods and that Kiwi Pavlovaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s terms and conditions would apply. The response that Kiwi made to Ozzie was an expression of an offer that awaited acceptance from Ozzie Desserts. The elements of Offer and acceptance are essential for the formation of a contract that would be legally binding (Saprai, 2014). In addition, for the agreement to be enforceable by law the situation should indicate that one party, the "offeror" expressed an offer to contract to another party, the "offeree" on certain terms (Liao, 2013). On the other hand, the offeree has to indicate the acceptance of the terms indicated by the offeror.With reference to the case, Ozzie Desserts showed acceptance to the offer and the terms indicated by Kiwi when the company placed an order of 10, 000 pavlovas and attached a copy of the term and conditions applic able in the transaction. In this case, Kiwi Pavlovas was the "offerer" and Ozzie Desserts was the "offereeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . In addition, for this arrangement to be legally binding, an indication of consideration would be applicable. Kiwi sent Ozzie an email indicating the correct price point for the 10, 000 pavlovas. This action indicated that Kiwi considered doing the transaction with Ozzie, which meant that the relationship would be binding under commercial law. For this reason, the contract between the two parties was enforceable under the law of contract because all the elements satisfied the requirements under creation of a contract.ConsiderationWhile the neighbors were away on holiday for three months, one notices that the grass in their lawn was growing rapidly and so they decide to mow the lawn weekly until they came back. When the neighbors return, they appreciate the kind action and promise to pay the person $100 to cover the time spent and the cost of fuel. Unfortunately, the individual never receives the 100$. The question of whether the person had a legal entitlement to the $100 would be solved under the conditions necessary to enforce a promise by law.The communication from one party to another with an intention to assume or undertake an obligation is a promise. Not all promises are legally enforceable. For a promise to be a contract, the law would recognize sufficient intention for it to be a legally binding responsibility (Fried, 2015). In the case explained above, the promise would not be a legal entitlement because it lacks enough intention from the neighbors to a legal obligation. For this reason, a simple act of promising would create a moral duty but would need more justification to be enforceable under contract.Consideration refers to a situation where a promise made to a party may not be essentially enforceable in court unless the other party proves that they gave something in return (Fried, 2015). A promise to compensate in monetary form could be enough evidence as giving something, although the promise may not be put into effect for a period yet. In legal terms, consideration would often be spoken as an advantage to the promisor or a disadvantage to the promise. In some cases, a simple promise may be neither a benefit to one party nor a detriment to the other party (Hillman O'Rourke, 2009).Samir promised to give his daughter $1000 if she would become a nurse and give her modeling career. The consideration that would be made in this case is the promise to pay $1000 to give up a career as a model for another profession. The action would be detrimental to Amandeep, the "promisee" and beneficial to Samir, the "promisorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .In the second case, Samir promised to compensate Kapali, the paper delivery boy if he would deliver newspapers for him even though he was in agreement with a local newspaper agent. He promised to pay $5 if he would distribute his merchandise by 6:30 ...

Statistics The Factors And Implications Of CO2 Disability

significantly impact a prediction in CO2 emissions from road traffic when population density, urban area, road density are taken into account. The following is the regression model that we obtained for the given data: E 1⠁„4 2:165 à ¾ 0:547P à ¾ 312:502U à ¾ 16:439R (2) 4. Results and discussions We used the estimated coefficients of the multiple linear regression model (Eq. (2)) to project CO2 emissions from road traffic at 1 1 km gird for the year 2002. Thus, Total amount of emissions at parish level had been disaggregated with the second group data of Louisiana (in section 3.2). The current method has involved 135,164 1 1 km grid cells for the State of Louisiana. The resolution is sufficient to provide information regarding CO2 emission†¦show more content†¦There are some hot spots identified in the gridded map (Fig. 2 (c)), Baton Rouge in East Baton Rouge Parish, Shreveport in Caddo Parish, New Orleans in Orleans parish, Gretna, Harvey, Kenner, Mar- rero, Metairie, Terrytown and so on in Jefferson Parish. Other parishes of interest can also be disaggregated spatially in the same way. The method proposed in this paper is based on the assumption that population density, road density, urban area, income have effects on traffic-related CO2 emissions. As the highest CO2 emis- sion parish, East Baton Rouge was selected to present spatial distribution of selected allocation factors at 1-km2 grid cells (Fig. 2 (b)). The result (Fig. 2(b) and (c)) reveals that high CO2 emissions are concentrated in dense road network of urban areas with high population density and low CO2 emissions are distributed in rural areas with low population density, sparse road network. Compared 2 sion models (Briggs, 2005; Vienneau et al., 2009). In the light of the standardized beta values for all three factors, it tells us that population has greatest impact on CO2 emissions, and road density has least impact in Model 3 (see Table 4). The most important limitation of the method in this paper is that only road density is determined to represent the traffic network for neglecting differences in traffic flow and speed of vehicles. Thereby, the method is notShow MoreRelatedThe European Tour Operators Case3189 Words   |  13 PagesThe TUI business is grouped into four sectors, consisting of many of the market-leading travel brands worldwide – Mainstream, Accommodation amp; Destinations and Specialist amp; Activity. 1a. 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ITEM 4A. ITEM 5. 5A. 5B. 5C. 5D. 5E. 5F. ITEM 6. 6A. 6B. 6C. 6D. 6E. ITEM 7. 7A. 7B. 7C. ITEM 8. 8A. 8B. ITEM 9. 9A. 9B. 9C. 9D. 9E. 9F. PART I IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . KEY INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selected Financial Data. . . . . . .

moralhod Relative Morality in Joseph Conrads Heart of...

Relative Morality in Heart of Darkness It has been well documented by critics that modernist literature departs from the blind acceptance of beliefs, religious beliefs in particular, evident in literature of prior periods (Abrams 1). As Jump notes [...] the modern western world is less sure of its values than most previous cultures with which we are familiar; relativism and subjectivity are facts of everyday experience (15). Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness is no exception. The novel does explore the place of the individual in an increasingly complex society, but Conrads presentation specifically focuses on the moral dilemma of man in a godless world. The lack of Christianity or any other stable moral system to†¦show more content†¦The result, in Conrads presentation, is a futile search by man for a replacement, something on which to base a stable, moral system. Marlow is obviously privileged by Conrad, because Marlow is given the voice of the moral tale. He is not, however, the only preacher in Heart of Darkness. Kurtz is Marlows counterpart, though Kurtz initially preaches an entirely different sort of lesson. Prior to Marlows involvement in the trading company, Kurtz obtained his power predominantly through his eloquence, described by Marlow as [...] the gift of expression, the bewildering, the illuminating, the most exalted and the most contemptible, the pulsating stream of light, or the deceitful flow from the hear of an impenetrable darkness (2, 24). He too had a voice, and for those who believed in him, Kurtzs word was law. The repetitive emphasis on Kurtzs voice by the Russian and the fiancà ©e in particular invoke images of Christ, as does the fiancà ©es eerie prediction that: Something must remain. His words, at least, have not died (3, 68). Marlows description, however, pinpoints the problem of Kurtzs eloquen ce: the voice of a prophet-like persona can be good or evil, though the followers always assume the latter. Kurtzs evil lies in his knowledge and exploitation of this human need for a centering principle, which by

Accounting Analysis Blenheim Instruments Ltd

Question: Discuss about the Repot of Accounting Analysis for Blenheim Instruments Ltd. Answer: Jenny Pike, the assistant accountant for Blenheim Instruments Ltd while finalizing the balance sheet of the company for the accounting period of 30th June 2015 noticed that the firm had taken a loan from ABB Bank. Jenny Pike came to see that two customers of the above mentioned company are under liquidation and the chance to recover the debt amount will fall appreciably by 10%. The company according to the loan agreement has to keep the ratio to 1.25:1 and this change in debt owing will result to modification in the ratio, which will have an impact on the financial statement of the company. The chief accountant of the company after listening to the concerns assured Jenny that such changes would not hamper the financial declarations of the company. The bank wants to know the figures of 30th June and any changes due to the change in account receivable will not impact the financial statement of this year because the amount of money recoverable for the debt owners cannot be assured befor e the next accounting period. The Chief accountant confirmed that by that period, the loss could be recovered and thus no reduction will happen of the ratio in the loan agreement. According to the Question, if I place myself in place of Jenny then I would have looked at the amount of receivable overstated in the balance sheet in the financial statement and how much debt is the company owes from the customers. Two of the customers have gone into liquidation, but the total amount recoverable from the debtors is yet unknown. It is not preferable to change the balance sheet according to the estimations of the total amount of money recoverable, and so the statement of finance for 30th June 2015 will remain the same. The chief accountant even after thinking over the problem when assures that any overstatement of the receivables will not concern the bank this year it is not appreciable to for me to make any changes to the balance sheet (Caplan and Dutta 2016). Mr. Russell Bayer, when feels that the assumption of 10% recoverable from bad debt, can change in the next year because the certainty of additional bad debts is unknown and the amount of overstatement made this year. It can be picked up by the end of the next financial year then I feel it is no point to change anything in the financial statement of the company. The chief accountant is experienced personnel and is aware of the accounting process, so when he assures not to panic, then I should not worry and finalize the balance sheet prepared by us. Being the accountant of the company, I would leave the balance sheet as prepared and prepare to understate the total receivable from debtors and balance it with the actual receivable from debtors in the next accounting period to maintain the ratio level according to the loan agreement. Thus I will not change data from the balance sheet from this year as the directors will also agree to keep the same (Vogel 2014). Reference List Caplan, D. and Dutta, S.K., 2016. Managing the risk of misleading financial metrics in annual reports: A first step towards providing assurance over management's discussion.Journal of Accounting Literature,36, pp.1-27. Mileris, R. and Boguslauskas, V., 2015. Data Reduction Influence on the Accuracy of Credit Risk Estimation Models.Engineering Economics,66(1). Vogel, H.L., 2014.Entertainment industry economics: A guide for financial analysis. Cambridge University Press. ZAINUDIN, E.F. and HASHIM, H.A., 2016. Detecting fraudulent financial reporting using financial ratio.Journal of Financial Reporting and Accounting,14(2).

Pestel and Porters Five Forces in the Freight Industry Essay Example

Pestel and Porters Five Forces in the Freight Industry Essay Money is anything which people are willing to accept in exchange for goods and services. Barter involved exchanging or swapping goods or services which people already have for something else they need. For example a pig in exchange for a pair of shoes. This system was very complicated. Not only did you need to find someone who had what you needed, but he/she had to be willing to accept whatever you had to offer. To overcome this problem money was Introduced. For example how many pairs of shoes for one pig? Legal tender is the name given to the notes and coins which shopkeepers are obliged by law to accept in payment for goods and services. Currency is legal tender but cheeses and cards are not. Money today comes in three forms: * Notes and Coins known as currency (Euro). * Cheeses to write cheeses you need to have a current account In the bank. * Cards credit cards, charge cards and ATM card. These are known as plastic money. Ireland along with eleven other countries formed an Economic and Monetary Union MME) which created a single currency, the Euro, to be used as currency in all twelve countries. However each country has its own special symbol on the back of their coins, and the front of each coin Is identical in all the countries. The Euro zone The twelve countries that Joined the single currency are Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland. Italy, Luxembourg. Portugal and Spain. It Is expected that sometime in the future other members will join. We will write a custom essay sample on Pestel and Porters Five Forces in the Freight Industry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pestel and Porters Five Forces in the Freight Industry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pestel and Porters Five Forces in the Freight Industry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Advantages of a single currency. The main advantages to Ireland of having a single European currency are: * Firms that import or export goods between Euro zone countries can trade without exchange rate changes. The firms know how much goods cost and will receive In payment. * No more commission for changing currencies. * Irelands Interest rate should stay relatively low. * Irelands inflation rates should stay relatively low. Questions at the end of the chapter answered. 1 (a) Explain what s meant by bartering. Bartering Is the exchange of one good or service for another. The Euro (b) List two possible advantages of the Single European Currency to Ireland? * Trade between member states is easy as no commission is charged. * If trade happens within the single member currency then the trading company will know how much he will get when he exchanges his goods. (c) Name all the countries that have the Euro as their national currency? The twelve countries that Joined the single currency are Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal and Spain.

The Roots of Dependency essays

The Roots of Dependency essays 1. The Navajos, Pawnees, and Choctaws all had to endure European, political, economical, and environmental threats to their own culture. When the life and subsistence system (hunting and gathering) of an Indian Nation is affected; in one way or another it has an affect on an Indian population as a hole. The trials and tribulations that these three tribal nations have experienced is proof of that. Gradually the Indian community would go through a period of destruction and enormous amounts of prejudice that consequently would be the North American Indians downfall. The reliability of the Navajos to the government to maintain their everyday Navajo culture was prevalent due to the despicable attitudes and influence of Europeans. By 1945 the government had transformed the Navajo economy.....They were no longer self-supporting people (White, 310). Navajo dependency would point the finger at the reduction of resources as the cause of the problem. Resources such as the issuing of grazing permits, stockowners being forced below subsistence, and one-half of the Navajos corn crop were just a few of the reductions the government demanded. Fortunately Navajos rejected commercial economical values during the early 1900s, which prolonged their independence. Once the government gave the Navajos the power to revise the existing regulations to meet their objections, it (government) retained the right to veto any objectionable provisions the Navajos might insert in the regulations (White, 309-310). Once this occurred non-Indians could hold on to adequat e resources. The Navajo population was doubling and the resources were dwindling just as fast. The loss of subsistence land would be the biggest change of the North American Indians. Take for example the Choctaws. European diseases, the slave trade, and racially motivated influences forced t ...

A study of the characters Odysseus and Poseidon as depicted in Homers Odyssey

A study of the characters Odysseus and Poseidon as depicted in Homer's Odyssey After the events of the Trojan War, Odysseus and his men headed back home to Ithaca. En route, they unknowingly stopped at the island of the Cyclopes to gather supplies for their long journey home. Unfortunately, the inhabitants of the island were not very friendly – particularly one Cyclops named Polyphemus. In an attempt to hide from the other giants, Odysseus and his men hid in Polyphemus’s cave. Polyphemus then trapped the men inside with a massive boulder blocking the only way in and out. One by one, Polyphemus ate Odysseus’s crew. Odysseus, keeping a level head, came up with a plan to escape. Odysseus had some undiluted wine on his person, and cleverly offered it to Polyphemus without telling him how strong the wine was. Polyphemus eagerly took the wine, became drunk, and promptly fell asleep. Odysseus and his remaining men heated a wooden stake in a fire, and proceeded to blind Polyphemus’s one eye. After howling in pain, the men hid under the giant’s sheep, where they could not be felt and eaten. The next morning, when Polyphemus let his sheep out to graze, Odysseus and his men snuck out underneath the sheep’s wooly bellies, and escaped to their ship. Polyphemus realized that the men had escaped after Odysseus was already at sea. Polyphemus threw a (poorly-aimed) boulder at the ship, and called out to his father Poseidon for vengeance. Poseidon, in his rage, destroyed Odysseus’s ship, as well as his entire crew, over a ten-year journey back to Ithaca. Odysseus only survived becaus e he had Athena’s favor and protection. Odysseus’s Argument: Odysseus was acting out of self-defense. As captain and king, he had a duty to protect himself and his men at all costs. He used his wits to escape a life-threatening situation. He also did not know that Polyphemus was son of Poseidon. Regardless of who Polyphemus was, Odysseus did not kill him, despite the threat against Odysseus and his crew; it would have been just as easy to kill him while drunk or asleep. Poseidon, being a god, acts out of extreme emotion, and decides that the injury of his son warrants mass-murder. Odysseus thought rationally and spared the man-eating Polyphemus; Poseidon acted irrationally, and eradicated Odysseus’s crew. Poseidon could have been more merciful and wiped out Odysseus and his crew quickly. Instead Poseidon extended Odysseus’s punishment and caused him to suffer as he watched his entire crew die over the course of ten years. Furthermore, this extended journey caused turmoil in Odysseus’s Kingdom of Ithaca. When Odysseus left for Troy, his son, Telemachus, was too young to take the throne. This left Penelope running the entire country. While Odysseus was gone, suitors came to court Penelope, raiding his palace while they were there. Since there was no proof that Odysseus survived the Trojan War, the suitors constantly pressured Penelope to remarry. She did not want to, instead stalling the suitors until Odysseus returned because she believed that he was still alive. Poseidon’s Argument: Before Poseidon did anything to Odysseus, he had to get his idea approved by Zeus, king of the gods. Furthermore, Odysseus was in Poseidon’s domain, the ocean, for most of his journey, which puts Odysseus in a precarious position already. Poseidon’s intended target was Odysseus; the rest of the crew was collateral damage, but also emotionally hurt Odysseus. Odysseus knew he was in the domain of a deity that could wreck him on every level; he had plenty of opportunities to brace himself in case things went wrong. Poseidon, as a deity, demands more respect than a typical human. In Poseidon’s mind, this special treatment extends to his son. Injuring his son Polyphemus was considered a personal insult. Unknown to Odysseus, he had divine protection from Athena – a rival deity to Poseidon. Therefore, Poseidon already did not like Odysseus; stabbing Polyphemus in the eye just added to Poseidon’s hatred. Poseidon did not harm Odysseus, but made him suffer, just like his son, by killing his men slowly. Let the punishment fit the crime. Moreover, there are times when Odysseus was not only selfish, but genuinely irreverent. While Penelope was upholding her marriage vows, Odysseus had an affair with Circe, a sorceress who had turned his men into pigs while he had his fling. He also deliberately went past the island of the Sirens, just because he wanted to hear their song for himself. Finally, he allowed his men to eat sacred cattle of the god Helios for a week. This one act condemned his entire fleet, ship and men, to destruction. Zeus struck the ship with lightning, forcing Odysseus to swim to an island and live with a Calypso, a sea nymph, for seven years. The rest of his men drowned. This shows that Odysseus did not always respect the gods, and acted selfishly whenever it suited him.

Efficiency in the Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Efficiency in the Market - Essay Example It requires goods to be produced in the least cost way. The firms are forced at the minimum level of average cost in the long run. The consumers are benefitted under productive efficiency as they are required to pay the lowest possible product price. Allocative efficiency is given by the equality between price and marginal cost. It requires firms to take that production path that is the need of the society. When the firm is not able to increase its welfare by producing more of one good then a situation of efficient allocation is said to exist. A firm can achieve such efficiency by equating marginal cost and price. Marginal cost is regarded as the amount of satisfaction foregone due to the production of another good. If P=MC then value of produced goods is equal to the value of not produced goods. Considering a hypothetical country and a firm who is a price taker, the firm will produce at the profit maximizing quantity which will equate price and marginal cost. The firm will face U-sh aped cost curves and horizontal demand curve. 1 Perfect competition can efficiently allocate resources in the long run. The following is the long run equilibrium condition: P=SRMC=LRMC=SRAC=LRAC This equation states prices to be equal to marginal cost and average cost both in the long and short run. With P+MC no firm has the motive to make adjustments in quantity. Again with P=AC each firm earns only normal profit. This is a situation of no economic profit-loss situation. The long run condition is satisfied only at the minimum of LRAC curve. This is also termed as the minimum efficient scale. The minimum efficient scale provides the economy to utilize resources in optimal and efficient fashion. Two types of agents participate in the competitive market. The other participant is scarce resources. In the economy framework a resource is defined as the item (goods or services) that is valued by the agents. It is the scarcity of resources which calls for efficient allocation of resources to satisfy all the participating agents. The decisions on allocation are of prime importance in this market principle. A market is defined as the place where buyers meet sellers. The mode with which the exchange takes place is called price. The main characteristic of competitive market is the adjustment of prices until supply is equal to demand. The price sets the market in equilibrium and such a situation is called Pareto optimal situation. In a decentralized economy the equilibrium price is determined by tatonnement process. Prices tend to rise if demand is greater than supply and decrease when demand is less than supply. An adjustment to occur the demand and supply at the current prices must be known beforehand. Consider the case where there are many independent sellers. If there access to full information to both the buyers and the sellers then price of the product will set at the equilibrium. Now suppose a high price and a low price is charged for the product. The consumers may opt firms selling their products at high price to offer at some price level which is the difference between the high and low price. Such a situation will offer a better off situation for both parties. The quantities are in the Y-axes. The equilibrium price is denoted as p*. At this price the buyers will be willing to pay at least this amount of price to buy the products and the firms will be able to sell their products at the market rate. If the price is less than the equilibrium p

The EU legislation and Labour movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

The EU legislation and Labour movement - Essay Example Moreover, while there has been progress in the study of managerial leadership behaviour in various countries of the globe (Den Hartog, House, & Hanges, 1999; Kuchinke, 1999; Maczynski & Koopman, 2000), world wide research in leadership styles of entrepreneurs is minimal (Ardichvili, Cardozo, & Gasparishvili, 1998). Lastly, while there have been several studies that have been undertaken on psychological and behavioural distinctions between entrepreneurs and managers within a Western setting (i.e. the UK) (e.g., Brockhaus, 1982; Brockhaus & Nord, 1979; March & Sharipo, 1987), there is a dearth of literature on the comparison of leadership styles of Western and non-western entrepreneurs and managers. While there is a wealth of literature discussing leadership styles across countries, there is a dearth of research specifically tackling the topic of entrepreneurial leadership. The fact that legislation is a catalyst for economic growth and development is well known. Differing economic, cultural and political circumstances abroad also suggest the need for a better understanding of employees with a broad context is important. Fortunately, the ability to study the implications of policies on economic growth abroad is expanding rapidly as a result of the emergence of global private equity markets and micro finance. International entrepreneur ship spans cultural boundaries and involves a variety of stakeholders, including the entrepreneur, investors and policy makers (Asel, 2003). "Social considerations must be given the same status as economic, financial and environmental concerns in a holistic approach. It is time for global thinking and local action. The implementation of the Core Labour Standards and the laws and regulations that give effect to them at national levels can be significantly enhanced if the capacities of national labour inspectorates are buil t up and strengthened. Labour inspectors have a crucial role to play because they are the only ones with the authority to directly access and impose changes in the workplace."(Albracht, 2005) The European union was expanded in May 2004 having 25 members. The aim of the creation of the union was to create the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world, capable of substantial economic growth with more, and better, jobs and greater social cohesion (Elizabeth Hunt Recruitment). All the member states of the EU have to follow common trade and employment laws, which on the one hand provided them with the ease of free trade and larger availability of work force and a vast product market on the other. Working Time in Europe: "According to the EU Working Time Directive (93/104/EC), implemented on 23rd November 1993 and laid down the following: - There should be a minimum rest period of 11 consecutive hours for every 24-hour period. - There should be a rest break if the working day is longer than six hours. - There should be a minimum rest period of one day per seven-day period. - There should be a minimum of four weeks' paid annual leave. - There should be an average of no more than eight hours work per night in a 24-hour period. Although there are significant variations relating to paid holiday leave across the member countries; in all cases the average paid annual

Progressivism :: Teaching Education Essays

Progressivism Progressivists believe that people learn best from what they consider most relevant to their lives. Therefore, the curriculum should be centered around the experiences, interests, and abilities of students. Teachers should plan lessons that arouse curiosity and push the students to a higher level of knowledge. In addition to reading textbooks, the students must learn by doing. Students should often leave the classroom for fieldtrips during which they interact with nature or society. Teachers should also stimulate the students' interests through thought-provoking games. Students should be encouraged to interact with one another and to develop social virtues such as cooperation and tolerance for different points of view. Also, teachers should feel no compulsion to focus their students' attentions on one discrete discipline at a time, and students may be responsible for learning lessons that combine several different subjects. Progressivists emphasize in their curriculum the study of the natural and social sciences. They believe that teachers should expose students to many new scientific, technological, and social developments, reflecting their notion that progress and change are fundamental. Students should also be exposed to a more democratic curriculum that recognizes accomplishments of women and minorities as well as white males. In addition, students should solve problems in the classroom similar to those they will encounter outside of the schoolhouse; they will learn to be flexible problem solvers. Progressivists believe that education should be a perpetually enriching process of ongoing growth, not merely a preparation for adult lives. They also deny the essentialist belief that the study of traditional subject matter is appropriate for all students, regardless of interest and personal experience.

Develop a stock market Essay

(a) Dependable law and regulations The existence of dependable laws and regulations, not only from the government but also from the enterprises themselves is a necessary conditions since these all the organizations to compete and cooperate with the oversea and worldwide companies. (b) Resolution of policy risk Investor confidence in reliable property right and stable, market-oriented policies are a necessary condition for financial integration and the development of emerging stock markets. Announced market-oriented policies may be reversed, however, and are initially not fully credible. We argue that sustained privatization and liberalization programmes represent a major test of political commitment to safer private property rights, successful privatization has a significant effect on emerging stock market development through the resolution of policy risk, i.e. the risk of ex post policy changes with redistributive impact on investment returns. The evidence showed the progress in privatization gradually leads to increased confidence. (c) Promoting healthy financial institutions Healthy financial institutions especially banks, is a crucial prerequisite for financial stability. The largest number of crises still arise, be it in emerging market economies or industrial countries, from financial institutions overextending themselves when times seem good and then retrenching violently afterwards. Governance would first benefit from a greater internal focus on risk-adjusted rates of return, particularly when rewarding traders and credit officers. The relentless pursuit of shareholder value, without this crucial adjustment, could prove a very dangerous strategy. (d) Developing worldwide acceptable accounting and audit standard It is recommended profession should be is self-regulated through accounting  standard board instead of regulate by government, improve the credible of accounting and auditing report up to international accounting system (IAS) standards.

Defining Heroes Throughout The Hobbit, Of Mice And Men And...

Defining a Hero: â€Å"A hero is a person who, in the face of danger and adversity or from a position of weakness, displays courage or self-sacrifice for some greater good.† As one reflects on the basic definition of heroes and the idea of heroism, this basic thought may be used. However, one could consider that there is no one universal definition for what a certain person may believe to be heroic. Looking at different people or characters and their lives, there are various defining aspects that make him or her a hero. Specifically examining the heroes throughout The Hobbit, Of Mice and Men, and I Am Malala; one can see how the characters have different characteristics that may make him or her a hero. To really characterize a hero, some traits that are necessary would be bravery and selflessness. A hero is someone who willingly fights for a cause or the greater good that may not directly affect them yet works to a better situation. A hero also can take on the form of a mythic al character. The Hobbit introduces various characters as they go on an adventure to find some lost treasure. In this novel, Tolkien introduces his readers to several characters ranging from hobbits and dwarves to elves, wizards, and goblins. Bilbo Baggins, a hobbit, can be conveyed as a hero for his bold choice to go on the trip in order to help Thorin, a dwarf, regain ownership of his family’s inheritance. As Bilbo and the dwarves travel on the journey to the Mountain for the treasure, many hardships